TEDBlog

« Are we inside Bubble 2.0? | Main | White light from 98% less energy... »

25 October 2005

Confidence in numbers

Here's a brilliant new website, pledgebank.  The idea's simple. Make a pledge, any pledge, conditional on a number of other people joining in.

Pledges can be symmetrical (everyone does the same thing)...

    "I will march on the White House in protest at X, if 1,000 people will join me."

    "I will paint my car bright yellow, if 200 people in my city will pledge the same."

...or a-symmetrical (you offer more than you ask from others.)

    "I will take $100,000 worth of sleeping bags to Pakistani earthquake victims if 5 people will join me to help distribute them..."

    "I will host free pizza at 10pm on my street, if a minimum of 30 people pledge to show up."

You gotta love it when the Net creates the possibility of social interactions that can never have taken place before in history. Sites like this have the potential to create virtual communities that don't just gossip online... they act. We're just scratching the surface of what's possible. 

This site has been built on a shoestring with massive help from volunteers. It was launched in the UK a couple months ago, and is only now starting to roll out in the US. (Their US user registration is currently structured by county, so it recognizes 'Manhattan' not 'New York'. They're looking for someone to contribute a zip-code based database.)

I contacted Tom Steinberg, founder of Pledgebank, yesterday, and he said they currently have about 20,000 people signed up.  In order for it to really take off in the US, he says it needs Tomsteinberg_smallsomeone to come up with an eyepopping pledge that creates some buzz...   Ideas, anyone? 

I pledge to give $1000 to the person with the best eyepopping pledge idea offered here by the end of October, provided more than 5 people contribute an idea.

I'm serious. This thing's worth supporting.

TrackBack

TrackBack URL for this entry:
http://blog.ted.com/cgi-bin/mte/mt-tb.cgi/2632

Listed below are links to weblogs that reference Confidence in numbers:

Mentoring worldwide, and exploring technologies of collaboration from Lunch over IP
Last autumn Lucy Hooberman replied to a challenge put by Chris Anderson, the curator of the TED conferences. Chris pledged 1000 USD towards the most original commitment on Pledgebank, an original website that helps organize groups of people around cond... More...

Discuss Blog Post

  • Chris Anderson November 4 2005

    OK, After excercising the little grey cells, I am awarding the $1,000 to.... LUCY HOOBERMAN for her Global Mentoring pledge. It's a big idea, and she's just posted it (in more detail) here:

    http://www.pledgebank.com/GlobalMentoring



    I really urge everyone to sign up. She's offering to do a disporportionate share of the heavy lifting on this one.



    It's interesting to note that although this idea surfaced (from Lucy and others) at TED this year, it hasn't yet led to anything. If Pledgebank can tip it to critical mass, it'll be powerful proof of how the Internet can ignite a community into action.

  • Thayne November 4 2005

    Hello Chris, June, Tom, and fellow bloggers:



    Before the envelope is unsealed, I’d like to thank you all for the chance (and the encouragement) to air my idea. Reading other's pledges has been a trip!



    I was especially taken with the comments from Martin, Ed, Amanda, and Steve:



    Martin: Please don’t think I’m a typical “TEDster!” I’m no multi-billionaire, experimenter-genius, media superstar, any of these. I’m just an Arkansas farmboy, I work at the church and give time to the local natural history museum here in Memphis... and I panic at the very thought of entering the arena in Monterey each year, that I’ll be found out. Yes, I agree that fear—in all its forms—is the central problem.



    But every year, I’ve found everyone there friendly and respectful. Any "clubbishness" felt is the product of my own irrational hesitation to speak up. Ties and labels come off, and the ideas fly. That’s what impressed me about TED and RSW’s vision. I’m impressed Chris has kept this up and is cultivating it further, giving a megaphone to those with small voices and big ideas.



    “Smallness” is a beautiful concept, and that’s what is so appealing about PledgeBank and Fundable. Mother Theresa spoke of “Small things done with Great Love,” and that’s the lynchpin idea of my work here at the church. Thich Nhat Hahn once gave a lecture here in Memphis where he said, “There is no such thing as “a” difference. Each of us makes “THE” difference.” Whenever I'm down, I get strength from Jean Giono's parable about small, steady work, "The Man who Planted Trees," and William Blake's council that those who endeavor to do good should concentrate on "minute particulars." I was glad to see several other folks who thought their ideas, however far-fetched, could make a difference to the victims of Katrina—and ended up finding others who agreed.



    Martin, you're on a PhD track, so you're smarter than I am! I share your concern about oil and politics, so I’ve made a pledge to Chris that will hopefully get Jamie Lerner to speak at TED. (I hope this will make up for my own SUVing.)



    Dear Ed and Amanda: You're both right: ideally, charitable acts shouldn't be a matter of trading something for something, or "conditionality." Pledgebank does have a “quid-pro-quo” scent about it, but I believe that it's sometime needed in this all-too-jaded world to get the process started. Please don't throw the baby out with the bathwater! Philanthropy rarely grows from nowhere—it takes a few practice runs before most of us can give with any thought to a return. (I refer you here to Kent Keith’s work.) I see this site is working more like an invitation-to-help node, a place to make challenges, and show others what support is out there for a cause. I hope these tweaks can be worked in and kinks worked out for the American audience.



    Steve: You’ve got my $ pledge for your movie on Bucky. Hearing Robin Williams sing “Dome on the Range” would be worth it!



    Thanks to you all again. Good Luck and keep the wires hot! Blessings, T

  • Daniel Haran November 3 2005

    I have an idea for a pledge, and would like your feedback on this. Obviously too late to qualify for the $1000, but money shouldn't be an issue for this. It would however require some source code changes to pledgebank.com and/or some coordination with other systems (hey, the source code IS open).



    Keeping in mind Tom's points, one technology that requires at least a few people to participate to be useful is wireless mesh networking. So the idea is for a pledge like "I will buy a wireless mesh node if at least 20|50|100 others buy one that are within connecting distance to at least two other nodes." Less ambitious would be "I will buy a node if two others nodes are put up within connecting distance"



    I'm thinking of the nodes built on CU wireless specs:

    http://cuwireless.net/



    Thoughts? I started the worldchanging book pledge (http://www.pledgebank.com/worldchangingbk) which looks set to be successful, but it doesn't really observe Tom's first point.

  • Chris Anderson November 1 2005

    OK, that's enough pledges. If you have others, enter them at pledgebank.



    Meanwhile, I have my thinking cap on and will announce who has won the $1,000 by the end of the week. Watch this space!

  • jenis November 1 2005

    This is the pledge that Im supporting at the moment... mainy cos im an adult and i want to be able to watch porn when I choose not when the goverment says i can..



    "I will write a written response to the Home Office's consultation on the possession of extreme pornography that opposes this fundamental restriction on freedom of speech before the closing date of 2nd December 2005 but only if 100 other UK voters that value their liberty will too."



    — Lothario



    can support it at pledge bank under backlash x



    thanks x

  • Melissa November 1 2005

    Okay... Who won?



    : )



    So many great ideas on here, it's bound to make a differance in the lives of many, reguardless of who wins.

    Thanks for the opportunity!



    -Melissa

  • richard hodkinson November 1 2005

    Darn this comments thing, I can't delete duplicates either. I shoudl pledge to be patient with my browser buttons when posting comments and create a support group for blograge if 10 people pledge to do the same...















    anyway, it's still october here in LA :-P

  • richard hodkinson November 1 2005

    aha.. it is still October by Los Angeles reckoning :-)

  • richard hodkinson November 1 2005

    Here is a series of pledges I can make:



    1.

    I find that nowadays, fresh healthy food costs more than dollar burgers from these burger chains. Easy to eat, easy way to an early grave: how to make a stand?

    I pledge to boycott all fast food restaurants, eat only fresh food with vegetables, and make 5 of my friends do the same if 100,000 people pledge to do the same.



    2.

    I pledge to go to a complete stranger, someone I think I'd have no common ground with, and strike up a conversation about politics or religion and learn something from him or her, if 60,000 people pledge to do the same, with at least 1000 from each state of the USA.



    3.

    I pledge to get a penfriend in Iran, Afghanistan, North Korea or Syria, and encourage five of my friends also to do so if 6,000 americans, at least one hundred one from each state pledge to do the same.



    4.

    I pledge to push for recycling to come back in Los Angeles by sticking one day's paper refuse to City Hall if 10,000 people in Los Angeles pledge to do the same.



    thenumbers are mutable if you believe different figures are more effective...

  • richard hodkinson November 1 2005

    Here is a series of pledges I can make:



    1.

    I find that nowadays, fresh healthy food costs more than dollar burgers from these burger chains. Easy to eat, easy way to an early grave: how to make a stand?

    I pledge to boycott all fast food restaurants, eat only fresh food with vegetables, and make 5 of my friends do the same if 100,000 people pledge to do the same.



    2.

    I pledge to go to a complete stranger, someone I think I'd have no common ground with, and strike up a conversation about politics or religion and learn something from him or her, if 60,000 people pledge to do the same, with at least 1000 from each state of the USA.



    3.

    I pledge to get a penfriend in Iran, Afghanistan, North Korea or Syria, and encourage five of my friends also to do so if 6,000 americans, at least one hundred one from each state pledge to do the same.



    4.

    I pledge to push for recycling to come back in Los Angeles by sticking one day's paper refuse to City Hall if 10,000 people in Los Angeles pledge to do the same.



    thenumbers are mutable if you believe different figures are more effective...

  • Anne Marie October 31 2005

    "I will send 2 new or gently used musical CD's, from my collection, to Hurricane survivors but only if 25 other people will too."

    — Anne Marie



    Deadline to sign up by: 30th November 2005

    0 people have signed up, 25 more needed



    http://www.pledgebank.com/send2CDs

  • Nick October 31 2005

    Here's one to get some Open Office converts, now that 2.0 is out.



    "I will give Open Office a trial run, and try to use it instead of MS Office throughout 2006, but only if 50 other people will too."



    http://www.pledgebank.com/openoffice

  • Helen October 31 2005

    UK Centric pledge...



    http://www.pledgebank.com/galloway



    :-)

  • Helen October 31 2005

    UK Centric pledge...



    http://www.pledgebank.com/galloway



    :-)

  • Lucy Hooberman October 31 2005

    I pledge to mentor three people in the developing world in the ares of my skills base and expertise (media, communications, broadcastin, democratic media building, partipatory media, community video) for free for six months (in my free time) or more in person or via email/skype if 250 people agree to mentor 2 or three people in their skills too. Thus creating a global mentoring alliance..which someone out there can build a blog or wiki for!

  • friendsofeth October 30 2005

    I pledge to participate in a program to raise awareness about africa's lack or access to clean water; I promise to complete this mission with 5 other volunteers. The campaign can help spread the ongoing efforts by the UN and NGOs who are commited to helping millions without access to clean water. This commitment can be a reality with web-based campaigns with 5 friends from companies like Yahoo!, Google, MSN, Sun Microsystem and Hewlett-Packard.

  • Eric Corey Freed October 29 2005

    Chris:



    I pledge to introduce the "Construction Toxins Bill" in the California State Assembly if 1500 people pledge to help me by signing the required petition and another 10 people in the fields of environmental health or justice agree to be on my advisory board.



    In 1993, AB13, a bill that led the State of California to ban all cigarette smoking in public areas, was introduced.



    Six years later, smoking was banned in EVERY bar and restaurant in California, on the grounds the health of the workers (NOT THE PEOPLE) was being negatively affected. While customers have free will and can choose to not enter a smoky restaurant, workers do not have that choice.



    What if a similar type of bill was introduced to ban toxic materials on construction sites?



    We are seeking a ban on all toxic materials in building construction in the State of California. Like the smoking ban, we can protect everyone by first protecting the health of workers who are exposed to dangerous toxins in their everyday workplace.



    As you may be aware, poor indoor air quality is the source of many respiratory ailments, allergy incidences and deadly carcinogens. Poor indoor air quality, referred to as “sick building syndrome” in extreme cases, is largely the result of off-gasing from volatile organic compounds used in the construction materials and interior finishes of the buildings we live in. Not only do these toxins affect children and people while in homes, schools or offices, but they also lead to serious health hazards for the construction workers who are exposed to the materials throughout their working day.



    Asthma, once the 7th leading chronic illness in children, is now the leading one.



    This seems to me a better pledge than "if 100 people give me $10" and more in the spirit of what you were talking about, Chris.



    I have begun the initial research on this with my friends at the Center for Environmental Health (www.cehce.org) but we need help!



    -eric

  • Sara Phillips October 29 2005

    Chris & everyone else who is hitting on this site........if every one who does not want to be categorised numbered, defined, controlled......does one tiny but significant thing to protest against ID cards - then it will make it difficult to implement this nonsensical system.



    I pledge my unequivocal support to anyone else who is also protesting.

  • Sara Phillips October 29 2005

    Chris & everyone else who is hitting on this site........lets make it as difficult as we can for those who wish to force this form of control on to us.

    If every one who does not want to be categorised numbered, defined, controlled......does one tiny but significant thing to protest against ID cards we can stop the insanity.



    I pledge my unequivocal support to anyone else who is also protesting.

  • weaverluke October 28 2005

    www.virtualrights.org is a new initiative that seeks to promote the rights of people to control their "Virtual Personalities"—the collections of digital information that are associated with their identity.



    Along with the many benefits of networked technology to people's lives come the threats of invasion of our digital privacy, not only by individuals, but also potentially by businesses and government.



    The Virtual Rights Initiative is developing a set of Virtual Rights data sharing conditions, along the lines of Creative Commons contracts, that both users and services can hyperlink to from their sites, thus enabling users to discover services that will allow them the control over their data they require, and vice-versa.



    The Initiative also works to promote cross-section discussion about Virtual Rights issues across sectors, in order to facilitate our longer-term goal of the evolution of a business, NGO, government, legal and technical "ecosystem" that enshrines every aspect of people's Virtual Rights.



    But to accomplish our mission, we need to raise money money! Choose the Virtual Rights Initiative, and you will be choosing a better and saner Virtual future!

  • Fiona and Cara October 28 2005

    OK, We still keep the same pledge as before, just adding...



    Chris Anderson will get complimentary massage During out visit to New Orleans, U.S. if the $1000 dollars is donated to our pledge.

  • Chris Markl October 28 2005

    I will raise atleast 3000 dollars and ride my bicycle across America in the summer of 2006 to help meet the millennium development goals if 100 other people commit to doing the same.



    I will organize the entire ride: the route, the legality, food, places to stay, support crew, create a training program, send out a detailed fund raising program, and every other logistical concern.



    All money raised from this ride will be equally divided among three organizations:



    1) Partners In Health (directed by Paul Farmer)

    The mission of partners in health is to provide a preferential option for the poor in health care. By establishing long-term relationships with sister organizations based in settings of poverty, Partners In Health strives to achieve two overarching goals: to bring the benefits of modern medical science to those most in need of them and to serve as an antidote to despair. We draw on the resources of the world’s leading medical and academic institutions and on the lived experience of the world’s poorest and sickest communities. At its root, our mission is both medical and moral. It is based on solidarity, rather than charity alone. When our patients are ill and have no access to care, our team of health professionals, scholars, and activists will do whatever it takes to make them well—just as we would do if a member of our own families—or we ourselves—were ill.



    For More information see Partners In Health’s website below or Tracy Kidder's, Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, A Man Who Would Cure the World www.mountainsbeyondmountains.org



    http://www.pih.org/



    2) Oxfam

    Oxfam's Purpose

    Oxfam works with others to overcome poverty and suffering



    Oxfam's Beliefs

    The lives of all human beings are of equal value.

    In a world rich in resources, poverty is an injustice which must be overcome.

    Poverty makes people more vulnerable to conflict and natural calamity; much of this suffering can be prevented, and must be relieved.

    People's vulnerability to poverty and suffering is increased by unequal power relations based on, for example, gender, race, class, caste and disability; women, who make up a majority of the world's poor, are especially disadvantaged.

    Working together we can build a just and safer world, in which people take control over their own lives and enjoy their basic rights.

    To overcome poverty and suffering involves changing unjust policies and practices, nationally and internationally, as well as working closely with people in poverty.



    Oxfam's Identity

    Oxfam works internationally as part of a world-wide movement to build a just and safer world.

    Oxfam is an independent British organization, registered as a charity, affiliated to Oxfam International, with partners, volunteers, supporters, and staff of many nationalities.

    Oxfam is accountable both to those who support it and to those whom it seeks to benefit by its efforts.



    Oxfam's Culture

    Reflects a passionate commitment to overcoming the injustice of poverty and suffering. We seek to be:

    Making a difference

    Innovative

    Collaborative

    Accountable

    Cost-effective



    http://www.oxfam.org.uk/



    3) The Emory Vaccine Center

    The mission of the Emory Vaccine Center is to improve human health by conducting fundamental and clinical research that leads to the development of effective vaccines against infectious diseases of global importance.



    The Emory Vaccine Center represents one of the largest academic vaccine centers in the world, and is renowned for its expertise in cellular immunity and immune memory.

    This expertise leads to the creation of new technologies for the prevention of emerging infectious diseases. Established in 1996 with support from Emory University and the Georgia Research Alliance, the Emory Vaccine Center has 17 faculty who study AIDS, malaria, and other global infectious disease threats.



    http://www.vaccines.emory.edu/



    Final Point:

    I am 100% serious about creating this endeavor. This ride may entail sleeping on gym floors, but with a good sleeping bag and good friends this event will be the experience of a lifetime. This event will accomplish three things: First it will save lives, second this event will change the lives of each participant, and third this event will inspire thousands of people across the nation. Email me with any questions or if you are interested in participating or contributing in this event.



    Chris Markl

    PhD Student: Political Science

    University of Colorado

    marklc@colorado.edu

  • serge lescouarnec October 27 2005

    On the fundraising side, useful for either schools, non-profits, events or start-up, another service Fundable offers good tools.

    I wrote about it on October 13.

    Here is the link http://sergetheconcierge.typepad.com/stc/2005/10/fundable_offers.html



    Serge

    Montclair Concierges

    http://www.montclairconcierges.com



    My blogs:

    http://sergetheconcierge.typepad.com

    http://creativebusiness.typepad.com

  • Willy Wonkette October 27 2005

    I pledge to take a six month leave of absence to help create a third party that is centrist, focused on issues that matter to the United States and to the world, and uses technology to transcend traditional money-for-influence driven politics.



    I am not convinced that right now there is any viable alternative that is big tent enough to gain any kind of influence. We need to think big and think centrist if we really want to change the traditional Dem and Republican-dominated politics.



    This third party can use the Pledgebank as the foundation for its network to 1) encourage people to make personal action Pledges to make a difference in the world and 2) make financial Pledges to use blog, RSS, e-m, and other ICTs to generate awareness about creation of this third party and action.



    To me, this helps Pledgebank generate awareness about its efforts, and its helps those of us who need a broad base platform that Pledgebank offers.



    Pledgebank may balk that they are not political but if they want to change this world, changing the current direction of the US is absolutely critical.



    Sorry I cannot use my real name as I live and work in Washington, DC.

  • Josh Cuppett October 27 2005

    I decided my PledgeBank posting ( http://www.pledgebank.com/renmenven ) was a little too vague to get any serious support, so I've asked their team to supplement what I've posted with the following link to a blog I've started that has some initial information:



    http://renmenven.blogspot.com/



    Thought this might help in the judging of how eyepopping the idea is...

  • Fiona and Cara October 26 2005

    "I will donate my time to assist and volunteer to help CERMT in Massage Therapy. but only if 20 people will help two determined Massage Therapists pay for Airfares to get to New Oreleans."



    — Fiona and Cara, Massage Therapists



    Deadline to sign up by: 20th November 2005



    More details

    We both have certificates in Massage Therapy and have the desire to travel to New Orleans to give a healing hand to those in need. We feel that, by donating our time and help, would be such a fulfilling experience.



    Seeing the information on the news is devastating and because we both live in Australia, we feel helpless. We are quite determined to make this trip happen.



    Although, we are overseas and have families, our availability is flexible, we are willing to travel as soon as we raise awareness for airfares to get to New Orleans.



    Thank you for your time.

  • Ethan October 26 2005

    Hi,



    I wrote an article for the New York Times a couple of weeks ago which talked about PledgeBank:



    http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/05/technology/techspecial/05ethan.html?ex=1130472000&en=238eec610dddb2f8&ei=5070



    I referenced an existing "killer pledge" in the US:



    "In protest of the United States Supreme Court's ruling in June that government can use its power of eminent domain to promote private economic development, a group called Freestar Media has been trying to get the government of Weare, N.H., to give Justice David H. Souter's home and property to Freestar to build a hotel named the Liberty Lost Hotel.



    Travis J. I. Corcoran, the owner of a video-rental company in Arlington, Mass., learned of the project and decided to start a pledge to demonstrate the potential economic gain to Weare. He asked 10 people to commit to paying for a seven-night stay at the proposed hotel; 1,418 people made the commitment before the pledge closed at the end of August."



    Completed pledge at:



    http://www.pledgebank.com/LostLibHotel



    I thought that was pretty funny. To those of you seeking a new killer pledge, consider this inspiration. Good luck; it's a great idea!



    Ethan

  • Melissa October 26 2005

    "I will donate my time & essential oils to help the people in New Orleans with mold removal & cleaning for 10 days. but only if 10 people will help me get to New Orleans to assist in the cleaning & healing efforts for 10 days."



    — Melissa



    I have been self employed with a small aromatherapy business for the past 10 years. I am also a musician & was in New Orleans for four months this year & making aromatherapy blends for people and singing. I sang at Jazz Fest this past spring & got to know not only the city, but also the amazing hospitality of the vibrant people there. I have spent time raising awareness and instruments for musicians who lost everything & now that people are returning to the city & the mold continues to grow, I need to help them even more.



    The main complaints that I am hearing from people who are making their way back and trying to salvage their homes & lives are the medical issues with the mold & respiratory complaints. I am willing to volunteer my time & make blends for people. But I need help. I need your help.



    I donated time, and products to amazing non-profits in the aromatherapy field after 9/11...

    Please check out http://www.unitedaromatherapy.org

    As well as http://cermt.org

    You can contact them for references.



    Specifically I need large quantities of Tea Tree Oil and Eucalyptus Oil... This will help with the mold & the respiratory problems. I also need small bottles with the caps & orfice droppers. ( 1/4-1/2 oz to repackage the oils). I am not charging anyone for any of this, I will not be making any money on this venture, my only desire is to help heal the people there. The only health food stores that area are closed. They had three, Herb Import Connection, Whole Foods, and GNC. These were the only stores in New Orleans that carried essential oils, so even IF they had the knowledge, they have no place to purchase them...

    I am doing fund raising efforts for my travel and food while I am down there & will be staying in several places, with friends & volunteers. My goal is to be there for 10 days. I will be leaving as soon as I raise the money for my travel expenses & receive the essential oils.



    Out of all of the essential oils available Tea Tree & Eucalyptus are the most beneficial for the issues they are facing & here's why:



    TEA TREE (Melaleuca alternifolia)

    Spicy, clean scent - powerful antiseptic against fungus,

    virus and bacteria



    Latin Name: Melaleuca alternifolia

    Extraction: Steam distilled

    Plant Origin: Oil is extracted from the leaves and twigs of the shrub

    Color: Pale yellow-green or colorless

    Origin: Australia

    Grade: Therapeutic

    Medicinal Properties: Anti-fungal, antiseptic, Antibiotic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, diaphoretic, expectorant, immune stimulant, anti-infectious, decongestant

    Safety Precautions: Avoid in pregnancy. Possible irritant to sensitive skin or in strong dilution.



    Tea Tree's astounding healing qualities were used by the Aborigines. It is also known to have powerful germicidal and antiseptic effects. Tea Tree helps support the immune system. The essential oil is a powerful, antiseptic that kills bacteria, fungi and virus 12 times as effectively as carbolic. In aromatherapy it is used for cold sores, athletes foot, nail fungus, toenail fungus, cuts, burns, acne, herpes and nappy rash.



    Tea Tree Essential Oil is very effective in treating yeast and fungal infections. In recent research, Tea Tree Oil was tested for use with several different fungal infections, including candida. Tea Tree Oil was tested on twenty-six strains of various skin organisms, 54 yeasts as well as twenty-two different other strains of fungi. Tea Tree Oil inhibited growth of all of the fungi.



    --Study of Anti-fungal activity of Tea Tree (Melaleuca) Essential Oil, University of Leigzig, Germany 1996.

    --Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternafolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against Candida albicans. J Antimicrobial Chemother 1998;42:591–5.



    *Physical Benefits*

    Acne, blemishes

    Air purifier

    Arthritis

    Bronchitis

    Burns

    Colds

    Coughs

    Cuts

    Dandruff

    Fungus

    Hair loss

    Immune stimulant

    Insect repellant

    Jock itch

    Nail infections

    Oily skin

    Ringworm

    Skin infections

    Varicose veins

    Warts

    *Psycho-Emotional Benefits*

    Post-shock

    General debility

    Nervous exhaustion



    EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus globulus)

    Distinctive, stimulating smell that clears the head,

    used to treat colds & coughs

    Latin Name: Eucalyptus globulus

    Extraction: Steam distilled

    Plant Origin: Extracted from leaves

    Color: Colorless

    Origin: China

    Grade: Therapeutic

    Medicinal Properties: Antiseptic, astringent, antiviral, bactericidal, deodorant, expectorant, fungicidal, sedative, insecticide

    Safety Precautions: Avoid in pregnancy, if have high blood pressure, or if a history of epilepsy. Possible irritant to sensitive skin or in strong dilution.



    Eucalyptus is excellent for Athletes Foot and other fungal infections (candida) cuts, dandruff, herpes, insect repellant, heals scabs, sores, wounds, boosts energy and supports the respiratory, circulatory, epidermal, and urinary systems. Eucalyptus leaves were crushed by the Aborigines to heal wounds, fight infection and to relieve muscular pain.



    Grown and harvested in China, Eucalyptus is often diffused in sick rooms to support the respiratory system and ease congestion. Cool and pungent, Eucalyptus has a camphor-like quality that blends well with lavender and pine for an uplifting massage.



    It is a powerful antiseptic that kills airborne germs and it has a cooling effect on the skin. In aromatherapy, it is an excellent decongestant for fever, flu, coughs, colds or sinus. It soothes muscular aches, sprains and pains and helps to heal abrasions.



    *Physical Benefits*

    Abscesses, boils

    Air purifier

    Asthma

    Arthritis

    Acne, blemishes

    Blisters, burns

    Bruises & sprains

    Cuts

    Cystitis

    Chest & throat infections

    Common cold

    Fever

    Headache

    Immune stimulant

    Insect repellant

    Laryngitis

    Muscle stiffness

    Pain caused by a nerve lesion

    Stings & insect bites

    Swollen glands

    *Psycho-Emotional Benefits*

    Deepen concentration

    Strengthen focus

    Increase alertness

    Stay awake

    Clears the mind



    I need to leave Before November 4th to work there for 10 days, or I can't go back down until Jan. 2006.



    Thanks,

    Melissa

    http://www.pledgebank.com/Natural-Relief

  • Dave October 26 2005

    I pledge to write philantropic studies related materials for the 20% of all people who read at or below the 3rd grade level and the additional 20% that read at or below the 9th grade level if people will sponsor the site. www.almoners.org

  • Fredric Alan Maxwell October 26 2005

    I pledge that I will establish the Space Shuttle Lottery Foundation, dedicated to setting up a national lottery for a seat on an upcomming Space Shuttle to any physically and pyschologically-qualified randomly-chosen ticket holder, if 269 people agree to help. For five bucks a shot, we the people who fund NASA can take back some control and open up that frontier to, at the same time raising just a boatload of bucks for NASA to discretionary spend -- akin to the Smithsonian's trust fund.

  • Amanda's Charities, LLC October 26 2005

    Mr. Chris Anderson:

    I'm very sorry if I have violated the rules of your blog or your generous offer in any way. It is very possible that I could have misinterpreted your generous offer.



    I do realize that "I, Amanda will do X so long as other people do X" is part of the requested structure of Pledgebank challenges. However, if I were truly to do that, I would be making my charity work conditional upon the charity acts of others.



    I am sorry, but I simply cannot do that. Despite the difficulties I've faced and the sometimes uphill climbs I must endure to do charity work, it is in my heart to do it, even if others choose not to do it.



    It was not my intention to be so blatant, but simply to post an interesting idea to fulfill charity work in a different way.



    If you feel it necessary to delete my post because it violates the spirit and true intentions behind your generous $1000 offer, Mr. Anderson, I completely understand.



    Please accept my apologies if I have caused offense.



    Amanda M. Socci, Creative Director

    Amanda's Charities, LLC

    P.O. Box 8081

    Alexandria, VA 22306

    office: (703) 780 - 5754

    cell: (202) 320-1831

    web: http://www.AmandasCharities.com

  • Chris Anderson October 26 2005

    Amanda, come now... if you're going to go to all that effort to post, you should at least read what the prize is about. It's not for worthy ideas in general, but for a Pledgebank challenge pledge. "I'll do X if Y number of others will also do X...by the following deadline." Also, it's outside the spirit to use this just to promote your own charity, albeit in such an eloquent way....

  • Amanda's Charities, LLC October 26 2005

    Good morning Chris Anderson:



    Today is October 26, 2005. I just received a link to this site from Don Withrow from DWCllcsolutions.com and boy, am I grateful.



    With your $1000 pledge, I, in turn, pledge to share my wisdom and many years of experience in recycling into a productive, hands-on instructional class for art teachers.



    In my experience, I have learned that the act of charity takes many forms. Cash, generally being the most favored form of charity, is indeed wonderful to the recipient, but it serves a limited, finite purpose.



    A slightly better form of charity, in my experience, has been to donate physical, in-kind items to individuals and groups who sincerely need them and will use them in good ways.



    By donating items to individuals and groups, my company, Amanda's Charities, LLC has provided multiple benefits to the environment as well as the recipient.



    (A) by retrieving items from the garbage, hence, saving them from the landfill, I have succeeded in making the earth a tiny bit more earth-friendly.



    (B) by donating items to appreciative recipients, I have eliminated their need to purchase items out-of-pocket, thereby saving them some money, even if it's as little as $20.00.



    While I have had great success in donating physical, in-kind items to individuals and groups, I feel like there is something still missing from my charity equation - instruction.



    I feel that I could successfully incorporate active, hands-on instruction to teach people exactly HOW to use the materials that I routinely save in creative and artistic ways.



    The problem, as I have discovered, is not the items themselves, because I take the time to painstakingly clean, organize, sort, and label everything I donate. The real culprit of misunderstanding is in not knowing HOW to use the items or perhaps not understanding their utility.



    As the saying goes: Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.



    Your pledge of $1000.00, Mr. Chris Anderson, will guarantee not only that I can provide a good, solid set of materials with which to provide creative instruction to art teachers in the D.C. metropolitan area, but it will also help me expand my teachings to many, many more art teachers throughout the U.S.



    With the help of a local videographer, I feel confident that I can taperecord a visual and audio set of instructions that will ultimately help many more art teachers.



    Feel free to phone me for more information on this idea or if you'd like to stop by and visit my home office.



    Amanda's Charities, LLC is a one-person endeavor run by me, Amanda M. Socci, out of my private home in Alexandria, Virginia.



    I have converted my home into an actual warehouse that stores hundreds of rescued items - all for the sake of saving the earth (one tiny piece at a time) and donating items to art teachers, daycare centers, K - 12 arts and crafts programs, and even to independent DIY crafters who always need raw supplies.



    Thank you for this generous opportunity.



    Amanda M. Socci, Creative Director

    Amanda's Charities, LLC

    P.O. Box 8081

    Alexandria, VA 22306

    office: (703) 780 - 5754

    cell: (202) 320-1831

    web: http://www.AmandasCharities.com

  • Ed Brenegar October 26 2005

    I think the pledge idea is a great one. Period.

    However, the character of the pledge needs to be considered.

    Read through many of the pledges here, and at the Pledgebank site, and what I find are people who pledging to do things that they should do anyway, whether 10 or 100 people do the same thing. If you have enough perspective to make a pledge that is clearly in your own and others' best interest, and you won't do it unless a certain number of people do it, then you've got the spirit of the pledge wrong. The spirit of the pledge is to build on what you are willing to do anyway, but to restructure it so that its impact is enhanced. The real spirit of the pledge is the sacrifice that a pledger is willing to make if a group does a specific thing.

    For example, here's my eye-popping pledge: I'll give up a work week a month for six months to go to the Gulf States and work at my cost to help communities recover from Hurricane Katrina, if 10 people are willing to join me. Wait, I've already made that commitment. Ok. Let's up the ante. Make it more eye-popping.

    I'll give one day of free strategic planning consultation services to the first 10 non-profit organizations and 10 churches along the Gulf Coast of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana that pledge to send a recovery team or support in some substantial way the recovery efforts in a community impacted by a natural disaster during 2006. I've already committed to giving my time and expertise to help. What I want to do is see if my investment of time can grow by the investment of other's time and resources. In essence, I'm turning my pledge into a bidding process. The first 20 bids get me for a day.

    I believe the key to this pledge idea is not the "if...then" equation. Rather, it is the benefit that comes when the exchange is actually between the people making the pledge - "If you do this for me, I'll do that for you." And when that exchange helps someone else, it is even better. This lets the pledging build genuine community, instead of something that is merely clever.

  • Barak Kassar October 26 2005

    I Pledge to Flip the Fifth (of the 10 commandments) to say "Honor your Children" instead of "Honor your Father and Mother"



    why?... parents have an almost infinite range of options to get honor and respect....and it's young kids who really need it, yet don't have the resources



    and besides.. if you really want to be respected... the best way is to respect the one you hope will respect you.



    so...THE GOAL is to make 2/5 (of next year) international Flip the Fifth Day.



    I WILL PLEDGE $500 (2 times) to a worthy kid's advocacy organization (open to suggestions) if 500 people do the following five things on that day.



    1. when you're with kids, really be with them. put the blackberry away for a while



    2. don't make them look up at you... get down at their level, physically.



    3. don't force them to do anything on that day... you don't have to give in... but negotiate for your way as you would with someone with equal power to you



    4. read them a book that you both like... and get really into it



    5. mail (or SMS) this list to five more people along with a link to pledgebank.com



    respect means putting real energy into understanding kids on their terms? not projecting your will and desires onto them. it doesn't mean giving in to every whim and wish... but it does mean listening and negotiating as equals, hard as that can be.



    2/5 is of course 5/2 in the UK, so it'll work there too...this webfont won't show it, but the 2 and 5 could be flipped images of one another making for a nice little logo (this being TED and all)



    Flip-the-Fifth

  • Josh Cuppett October 25 2005

    It's live at the link below if you want to sign it...



    http://www.pledgebank.com/renmenven

  • Josh Cuppett October 25 2005

    I will quit my job and found a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization targeted at bringing down big-oil’s dominance and ending the 2-party system in America, but only if 20,000 people pledge to give a $10 tax-deductible donation once it’s established. Full disclosure of the immediate (well worked out) plan will be provided before donations are solicited. Think Super Size Me... only bigger...

  • mikey October 25 2005

    I pledge to smile at 10 strangers a day for a month... if a million other people will do the same.

    happiness month.

    pass it on :)

  • Martin Ludvigsen October 25 2005

    Use brain not money



    Sometimes this TED-community gets a little on my nerves. It seems that it’s a rich mans club where people can battle in donating money, and I just cannot follow in that trend. Being a PhD-student of design in Denmark I definitely belong to the richest part of the worlds population, but still I cannot donate 5000$ to anyone currently. And I am not saying this in order to get people to stop donating, but just saying that money is only money, and the scale of problems we are discussing here needs to be fixed on a different level, as I see it.



    So I pledge to write a letter to the opinion pages of New York Times and Washington post asking for a raise in the taxes on gasoline and SUVs in USA, as I think this could start to solve a big problem in the world today. In the US the total import of oil from OPEC countries could be avoided if only Americans would drive cars with the same mileage as the average European cars. This would then balance the US economy and hinder further oil wars. Both of which could help the overall situation in the Middle East, and the animosity towards western interference and western wealth in these countries. Last link in the chain would then be that the current terrorist regimes and free-roaming fundamentalist terrorists would loose their popularity grip with the population in the Muslim countries and this could then end the regime of terror, angst and mistrust that is clouding the world today.



    This I think is at the very base of the problems in the world – fear.

  • Alexander Korte October 25 2005

    Sarah mentioned Adwords.

    And got my brainjuices running:



    We all have a couple of free Adwords bucks left on our Google AdWords Accounts.

    I pledge to give 10$ in Google Adwords if 1000 people do the same to promote either the Red Cross "quarter"-idea or the pledgebank idea.



    We just need some guy who is used to write good/converting ads.



    Alexander Korte

    (P.S. I have to check wether a transfer from an adwords account is possible or not)



    P.S.: Is there the possibility to a build in "double my contribution" when the people who pledge with me double too?

  • Ben Slade October 25 2005

    Has anyone thought about taking this idea into the political arena?



    I'm thinking about a group of people pledging donations towards a political campaign in support of a specific issue.



    Ben in DC

    PublicMailbox at BenSlade dot com

  • Steve Brant October 25 2005

    If 1,000 people will give me $1,000 each, I pledge to get a feature length movie of the life of inventor/philosopher Buckminster Fuller made. This film would portray Bucky's story in a way that would inspire people throughout the world to work on moving our global culture from the paradigm of scarcity (which, if you go deep enough, you see is the root cause of war) to the paradigm of sufficiency trending towards abundance. It would also inspire people to recognize that the answer to the question "What is the answer to the search for the unified field theory...the field that binds all life together?" is "Love." (Bucky said this was the answer to that question at a special meeting I attended in NYC in 1983.) It turns out The Beatles were right. "All you need is love." ;-)



    I am currently in preliminary talks with a very well established producer/writer about this project. This person has worked with Robin Williams on a previous project. Robin, I believe, would be the perfect choice to play Bucky. I also know the Fuller family and the president of the Buckminster Fuller Institute. This money would give the production the seed money it needs to move beyond the talking stage.

  • Amias Channer October 25 2005

    I pledge not to vote for one of two main political parties in the next election in my country and to try one of the other alternative parties if 1 million people from my country pledge to do the same.

  • Sarah McCue October 25 2005

    I just had my afternoon java and am now well-caffeinated to challenge someone from this group to donate the creation of a free TED e-mail portal for kids. Every time a kid checks his or her TEDMail (TeddyMail?), they will be exposed to information about the world and encouraged to act to make a difference in the lives of others. They can also be encouraged to have their parents, grandparents, and teachers to make action pledges.



    If someone creates the free e-mail portal for TED, I pledge to donate over 5000 e-mail addresses to TED which include most major media. If TED decides not to to create it, I still pledge to give you my e-m addresses.



    I also encourage TED to put its logo on 100 websites including the "Big Ten" sites to raise significant awareness of the TED Pledge (e.g., Google, Yahoo, CNN, eBay, Hotmail, and other global non-US-based websites), and to apply for a Google Adword grant. We received one and receive literally tens of thousands of hits to our site every day.







    With great respect and admiration from



    Sarah McCue



    Founder, Women with 2020 Vision - to educate 50,000 girls in developing countries on entrepreneurship so that they might start businesses in 2020



    Founder, The Remembering Site - to allow anyone, anywhere to create their online autobiography so that we might learn life's lessons from each other



    Former head of UNDP's Technology for Development practice and currently with the World Bank

  • Stacy Jo McDermott, SF, CA October 25 2005

    That Gulf State Quarter idea is brill! In fact, I'm going through my wallet now to find Gulf State Quarters to contribute more.



    LOVE! $tacy

  • Thayne Muller October 25 2005

    OK Chris:



    I pledge to see your $1000 and raise you $5000 more that I will donate to American Red Cross Katrina Relief Efforts IF...



    You and at least five other media mavens will help propagate, via Pledgebank and your resources, the Gulf State Quarter “Donate and Recirculate” fundraising strategy, details to follow.



    It’s a plan to help the ARC pay off the $1 billion of debt it’s incurred over the summer, but it’ll take a nation-wide grassroots campaign, through a whole lot of PR, to do it. I’ve started with a national radio blurb and I’m working political contacts, but I need more. Please take a minute to read the following and let me know. Thanks!



    Ducimus, Thayne Muller, '02, '04







    The need for further funding is huge--HUGE. This is from the Red Cross's website Sept. 23:

    "The Red Cross has projected at least a $2 billion tab to cover the response to Hurricane Katrina, and untold additional expenses for Hurricane Rita. So far the organization has raised nearly $854 million, and already spent or committed $700 million for Katrina relief.

    "We have a long way to go in our fundraising to meet the needs of people from Katrina, let alone what we need to do for the people of Rita," said Joe Becker, senior vice president of preparedness and response with the Red Cross. "As fast as the money is coming in, we are spending it."

    --"Red Cross Needs Public Support for Ongoing Hurricane Relief Efforts." http://www.redcross.org/article/0,1072,0_312_4658,00.html



    What's worse, we're approaching a crisis in giving: the flow is drying up. The Google citation list for "donor fatigue" is mushrooming, and the piece about this from the Chronicle of Philanthropy is getting more press. After doing so much in a big push for Katrina, people across this country are exhausted. Worn out. Stopped. With one catastrophe after another, it's understandable.



    You know the phenomenon of "yo-yo dieting"? We now face the problem of "yo-yo giving"--giving only when there's a crisis, then collapsing later.



    "Yo-yo giving" isn't near enough get the Red Cross, or the country, out from this disaster. The debt the RC has amassed could cripple it for years.



    That's why this idea, this gimmick, this concept, squarely addresses the problem of "yo-yo giving". It gives us something positive we can do, something that's easy to remember, easy to act on, and won't reach too "prohibitively" deep into our pockets.



    Like a good diet plan, it's not telling you to go to the gym for an hour every day, or eat nothing but celery. It's asking you for something simple, (something attainable!), like cutting out French fries, or taking the stairs; just adopting one easy, healthy habit. No excuses not to try it.



    What's a small thing we all can do, that will lend itself to sticking in our minds over the coming months--years, even? Since we're talking about money, is there something about cash itself that we can tweak into becoming a simple, steady reminder for us to give?



    What about those state quarters--the ones from the affected areas, the Gulf States? Would they "amount" to anything? Are there enough of them to make a difference?



    That's when I looked on the US mint website, and was amazed by the numbers:



    754,204,000 Louisiana quarters. 579,600,000 Mississippi quarters. Over 400 million Alabama and Florida quarters, and over 500 million Texas quarters. [Source: The 50 State Quarters Program of the United States Mint] http://usmint.gov/mint_programs/50sq_program/index.cfm?flash=yes&action=schedule



    Add it all up, and there are over 2.8 billion Gulf State Quarters in circulation.



    OK, say we launch an awareness campaign asking people to keep an eye out for these quarters, and if they happen to have one, put it toward the Red Cross ... or if they don't, please pass along this idea to someone else.



    If only one quarter in ten-no, let's say one quarter out of every 100 gets donated--that's still over $7 million.



    Now, think like an economist--that is, remember that money is different from currency. (All currency really does is represent money.) We don't want the Red Cross to get mountains of quarters, just the money!



    So here's the BIG idea: If these quarters get actively recirculated, you get a steady stream of money going to the Red Cross--potentially millions EVERY DAY. (Assuming you get at least that one quarter out of 100 donated every 24 hours.)



    In other words, don't let these quarters pile up in tills and jars! They need to be donated, counted quickly and a check cut, and then they're released back into the system to be donated again, and again, and again...! Only when they're out in society and moving, can they generate the millions --MILLIONS!-- needed to pay off the hurricane!



    The tagline: Gulf State Quarter? Donate, then recirculate.



    Got a Gulf State Quarter in your hand today, next week, next year? Think Red Cross-or your favorite trusted charity. Donate, then recirculate...and donate, then recirculate, and donate, then recirculate..



    Get it? That's all it takes.



    But the hard part is this has to go national. One local group can raise a decent amount through this gimmick, but since these quarters are spread out across the country, that's where the message needs to go ... and only then do we have a chance of hitting these HUGE amounts of dollars possible.



    The word to get out to America is that we (ALL OF US!!!!!) have got the power to pay down this --any-- disaster. A quarter in your hand is 25 cents. But all --ALL-- of us funneling them toward the Red Cross adds up to millions of dollars ... and food, water, shelter, and assistance for those in need.



    Imagine a Red Cross that can not only pay for emergencies as they happen, but can seriously stockpile goods and material in threatened areas--AND have the well-paid professionals, the best they can hire, they need to manage it all. (Forecasters keep on telling us we're in for stronger storms.) Imagine a country where non-governmental organizations are so well funded that Washington can step back-seriously step waaaaaaaay back. Imagine programs that educate our children in safety, preparedness, and-most important of all-service.



    Imagine us being completely ready for any catastrophe, natural or--God forbid--man-made. Yes, you know what I'm talking about.



    That's what a steady stream of millions of dollars in quarters can do.



    You and I will never miss that couple of coins-after all, it's not about giving all the change in your pocket.



    It's about an attitude of constant mindfulness, constant caring. That's what linking Gulf State Quarters to the Red Cross can do. THAT is what will build this country back up now, and secure it for generations.

  • Drew Adam Schnierow October 25 2005

    An eyepopping idea for this forum to get the name out needs to be simple, yet extremely proactive. Something a huge number of people will actually do, and then by word of mouth spread this brilliant website to others, creating enough buzz for media interest.



    Here's a few ideas:



    I pledge to give blood this month if 10,000 people do the same.



    I pledge to be consciously positive with everyone I interact with next Monday if 5000 people do the same.



    I pledge to share with people that the first step of being wise is appreciation if 2500 people do the same.

  • Chris Anderson October 25 2005

    Hmmm.... so far my eyes remain unpopped. I forgot to say that the idea should be posted here to count. If you've emailed one to me, please repost here... Thanks to those spreading the meme.

  • nmw October 25 2005

    I will provide a text link (max 80 chars) on the homepage of a generic domain of your choice if two others will subscribe for a "sposored" link for $50 per year (each).



    The "choice" works like this:



    1. you describe your request



    2. I offer you 10 domains from my portfolio (it's rather large) that I feel would suit your needs best



    3. you choose the domain



    Note that this pledge is limited only to the "availability" of domain names (no more than three external links per page will be accepted).

  • Cookie October 25 2005

    I pledge to sleep with a thousand women, as long as they're not mingers and they ask me.

  • Tom Steinberg October 25 2005

    Wow - Chris, what a lovely surprise!



    Let me be more useful and less effusive by sharing some of our learning about successful pledges:



    1 - Real problems that can't be fixed without groups of people getting involved are better then general emotional support.



    2 - PledgeBank has proven itself useful at getting people do to things that are a bit harder, more timeconsuming or generally difficult than usual volunteerism. Think about things that match that description.



    3 - Think about pledges where a big organisation says "We'll do something but only if lots of people will do something".



    4 - How will your pledge spread? PledgeBank is only 3 months old, has never been offically launched in the US, and so doesn't have eBay style torrents of visitors who'll just happen to see your pledge: how will your idea piggyback on online or offline networks of people or media?



    just some things to go on!



    Tom (mySociety Director)

  • Deborah Elizabeth Finn October 25 2005

    What a terrific idea!



    Best regards from Deborah



    Deborah Elizabeth Finn

    Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    http://blog.deborah.elizabeth.finn.com/blog

    http://public.xdi.org/=deborah.elizabeth.finn

  • Zhang October 25 2005

    It's a lovely and great idea.

    I will tell everyone I know, :)

  • Cameron Sinclair October 25 2005

    Chris,

    I'm going to pitch this to all my in-house volunteers today. We'll try and get something up by 'elevenizes' (our mid-morning brain dump).



    Cheers, Cameron

  • Cameron Sinclair October 25 2005

    Chris,

    I'm going to pitch this to all my in-house volunteers today. We'll try and get something up by 'elevenizes' (our mid-morning brain dump).



    Cheers, Cameron


Tools for TED.com

Find out more about -- and download -- the handy TED Miro player >>
As we complete transcripts, we share them here >>
Subscribe to the TED Blog's RSS feed >>
Join the TEDTalks official Facebook Group >>
Download TED and Ideo's Big Questions widget >> Get TEDTalks updates via Twitter >>

Tips? Comments? contact (at) ted (dot) com


Get involved: TED Prize wishes

Once Upon a School

Meet the Greens

Next Einstein

InSTEDD

Open Architecture Network

Encyclopedia of Life

Pangea Day

TED Bloggers

Chris Anderson | Curator
June Cohen | Director of TED Media
Amy Novogratz | TED Prize Director
Tom Rielly | Humorist
Bruno Giussani | TED European Director
Jason Wishnow | Director, Film + Video
Emily McManus | Editor, TED.com
Matthew Trost | Editorial Assistant, TED.com

Blogs we watch

>> TEDPrize.org | Updates on the 2008 TED Prize winners and wishes:
Dave Eggers' wish blog
Karen Armstrong's wish blog
Neil Turok's wish blog

>> Thomas Dolby | TED Musical Director, blogging at ThomasDolby.com
>> Bruno Giussani | TED European Director, blogging at LunchOverIP.com
>> Emeka Okafor | TEDAfrica Director, blogging at Timbuktu Chronicles and Africa Unchained

by topic

Archives

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license.

Powered by Movable Type

What we blog about