How are China, Estonia and Germany different from India, Greece and the UK? To an economist, one answer is obvious: savings rates. Germans save 10 percentage points more than the British do (as a fraction of GDP), while Estonians and Chinese save a whopping 20 percentage points more than Greeks and Indians. Economists think a lot about what drives people to save, but many of these international differences remain unexplained. In a recent paper of mine, I find that these countries differ not only in how much their residents save for the future, but also how their native speakers talk about the future.

Keith Chen: Could your language affect your ability to save money?

In late 2011, an idea struck me while reading several papers in psychology that link a person’s language with differences in how they think about space, color, and movement. As a behavioral economist, I am interested in understanding how people make decisions. Could a person’s language subtly affect his or her everyday decisions? In particular, could the way a person’s language marks the future affect their propensity to save for the future?

In a nutshell, this is precisely what I found. After scouring many datasets with millions of records on individual household savings behavior—along with a number of peculiar health performance metrics like grip strength and walking speed—I find that languages that oblige speakers to grammatically separate the future from the present lead them to invest less in the future. Speakers of such languages save less, retire with less wealth, smoke more, practice more unsafe sex and are more obese. Surprisingly, this effect persists even after controlling for a speaker’s education, income, family structure and religion.

Back when my first paper on this topic circulated, many linguists were appropriately skeptical of the work. Their concerns are concisely explained in two well-thought out posts (here and here) by the linguists Mark Liberman and Goeffrey Pullum on the blog they founded, Language Log. Mark and Geoffrey also invited me to write a guest post explaining the work. In that post, I discuss which of their possible concerns are unlikely given the patterns I find across the world in people’s savings and health behaviors, and also try to clarify which of their concerns I was not yet able to address.

This exchange prompted a broad set of discussions as to what different types of data, analyses and experiments could, in principle, answer the questions raised by the patterns I find. Cross-disciplinary discussions took place in a subsequent post by Julie Sedivy and followup posts by Mark Liberman, and also at the Linguistic Data Consortium’s 20th Anniversary Workshop. Several new avenues of investigation and work came out of these interactions, three of which are now ongoing projects.

One new idea that I’ve begun to explore entails measuring a language’s time reference by scraping the web—to search for natural patterns in language—in addition to using linguistic classifications. This led me to search the web for the simplest form of writing about the future I could find: weather forecasts. Why weather forecasts? Well, forecasts rarely talk about the past, so they’re a natural place to look for speech about the future. Weather forecasters also generally communicate in natural, straightforward language, and often convey similar content across different settings. Can patterns in weather forecasts measure how languages structure the future, and can these differences predict how people save for the future? Amazingly, they do.

A team of linguistics and economics students assisted with this analysis, and managed to scrape the web for weather forecasts in 39 languages from around the world. The figure below summarizes what we found: wide variation in how often, when talking about future weather, forecasts in a particular language grammatically mark the future as something distinct from the present. In English, for example, this comes down to the relative frequency of sentences like:

Rain is likely this weekend.                (present tense “is”)

It will likely rain this weekend.          (future tense “will rain”)

What’s surprising is that when I repeat the statistical analysis I did in the paper, I find an incredibly strong relationship between how forecasters talk about weather and how much people choose to save. Essentially, a 20 percentage point increase in the frequency of future tenses results in 1% less of GDP saved. This finding holds even after taking into account a country’s level of development, rate of growth, demographics, social security protections and major religions.

What does this mean? I don’t believe it demonstrates extreme weather forecaster persuasion. Rather, I think it shows that many different ways of measuring how languages mark time share a strong and striking relationship with how speakers of those languages save. In short, I believe more than ever that the data suggests a strong and robust relationship between linguistic and economic data, a relationship that leaves us at an exciting crossroads: one where economists have a tremendous amount to learn from linguists.

The figure below measures the percent of time weather forecasts use future vs. present tenses (download a larger version as a PDF). See the paper here for details.

Hurricane Sandy is currently hovering over the Atlantic Ocean, threatening a large swath of the United States’ East Coast, from North Carolina to Maine. With coastal areas evacuated, wind and rainfall picking up quickly and many transportation systems shut down in anticipation of flooding, millions of people are currently at home, just waiting for roughest part of the storm to pass.

(The TED staff is included in this group, as our New York City office is located on the border of a flood zone. We will, however, be working from our apartments as long as the power permits.)

While you’re stuck at home, here are seven talks that seem especially fitting for today. And here’s hoping that this storm’s impact is far less severe than expected — though judging from the latest images, it doesn’t appear that will be the case.

Nathalie Miebach: Art made of storms
As anyone watching The Weather Channel for the past few days knows, weather data is complex. Artist Nathalie Miebach aims to make weather data understandable by turning it into sculptures and musical scores, to beautiful end.

Robert Krulwich: How much does a hurricane weigh?
Clouds are much heavier than one would think, explains Radiolab host Robert Krulwich in this NPR lesson. But hurricanes are unthinkably heavy, holding about 108 billion pounds of water. That’s the weight of 360,000 blue whales – more than there are on planet Earth.

Caitria and Morgan O’Neill: How to step up in the face of disaster
The O’Neill sisters were shocked when a tornado ripped through their hometown of Monson, Massachusetts, in 2011. In the days after the disaster, they realized just how unprepared their city was for a recovery effort. In this talk from TEDxBoston, the pair describe how they took action, building systems to organize volunteers and donations, and how they’ve codified their learnings at Recovers.org. (Read Caitria and Morgan’s “Hit by a natural disaster? The first 6 things to do for your community’s relief effort” on the TED Blog.)

George Kourounis: Our angry planet
George Kourounis has made it his mission to see the most dangerous places on earth for his television series Angry Planet. As Kourounis explains, “I try to find the art in the most destructive events on the planet.” At TEDxAthens, he explains how he photographs natural disasters, as well as why.

Vicki Arroyo: Let’s prepare for our new climate
New Orleans resident Vicki Arroyo, of the Georgetown Climate Center, says that it is time for us to get real about climate change — and to actively prepare our homes and cities for flooding, droughts and the increasing uncertainty of weather. In this talk from TEDGlobal 2012, she gives examples of communities that are effectively thinking ahead.

Jeremiah Warren: How are hurricanes named?
Hurricane Sandy, Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Andrew. How do these storms get their names? In this short video, Jeremiah Warren explains the order behind hurricane naming — that the first storm of the year gets a name that starts with the letter ‘A,’ the second gets one that starts with the letter ‘B’ and so on, with the most devastating storms having their names retired.

Rachel Kyte: Resilience in the face of natural disasters
Our world is experiencing twice as many natural disasters as in the past, says Rachel Kyte, the Vice President of Sustainable Development for the World Bank. And it’s overwhelming poor communities that bear the brunt of natural disaster deaths and damages. At TEDxSendai, Kyte stresses the importance of making disaster risk management part of building codes, and also forcing it to be a part of public discourse.